In the “two-process” model, process C regulates circadian timing of sleep, whereas process S regulates sleep amount/intensity and maintains sleep homeostasis through the waxing and waning of sleep ...

Many cities seek to alleviate extreme heat via planting trees. However, the cooling achieved by such programs is debated because previous analyses address scales much smaller than the whole-city scale ...

The Earth’s rotation has been decelerating throughout its history due to tidal dissipation, but the variation of the rate of this deceleration through time has not been established. We present a ...

Significance In order to explain a physically counterintuitive experimental finding that chromatin mobility is reduced during transcription, we introduced a polymer model for interphase chromosome ...

Plants adapt root and shoot development to environmental cues through systemic signaling pathways. In white lupin (Lupinus albus), we identified mutants with excessive cluster roots that also ...

Main text Please take note of the following when preparing your manuscript for PNAS: Do not include statements of novelty or priority. Avoid laboratory jargon. Use correct chemical names. Specify ...

The expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs) is a crucial part of global conservation efforts (1). The “30x30” initiative, for example, aims to protect at least 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030 ...

The deterioration of the world’s ecosystems has led to numerous calls for effective and scalable conservation solutions [e.g., (1, 2)]. While conservation can include a broad range of actions, the ...

The kinetics and pathway of most catalyzed reactions depend on the existence of interface, which makes the precise construction of highly active single-atom sites at the reaction interface a desirable ...

The repeated prisoner’s dilemma among players with finite memory. (A) In the repeated prisoner’s dilemma, in each round two players independently decide whether to cooperate (C) or to defect (D). (B) ...

Large-scale cooperation is central to the success of the human species (1). Yet its origins remain poorly understood. Canonical explanations, such as kin altruism (2, 3), reciprocity (4 – 6), and ...

Exceeding the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C limit raises urgent questions of how countries’ responsibilities for climate action change in this new context. We introduce “net-zero carbon debt” as a ...